138 Instructions for Authors
©Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
Wildfowl
(2013) 63: 135–139
scanning should be of a high quality and large
enough to take up to 50% reduction. Figures
should fit to a single column (60 mm width,
final size) or page (130 mm width) in the
published paper. Authors should take care to
ensure that symbols, labels, lines, etc. are large
enough to allow reduction to a final size of
c.
8
point, so that capital letters will be about 2 mm
tall on publication. High contrast dots or line
patterns are preferable to using different shades
of grey, since they provide greater clarity on
printing. Multiple graphs within one figure,
should be marked with (A), (B), etc, and with an
explanation for each provided in the figure
heading. Authors should aim to ensure that there
is no wasted space between multiple graphs.
Figures should
not be boxed
and tick
marks must be on the
outside of the axes
. To
make best use of space, you may need to
rearrange parts of figures, for instance so
that they appear side by side. Legends should
furnish enough detail for figures to be
understood without reference to the text. If
symbols are straightforward (circles, squares,
crosses or triangles), include them in the
figure legend; otherwise they should be explained
in the figure heading. Please keep the type size the
same on legends and keys for all figures. Lettering
should be in Garamond font with capitals used
for the initial letter of the first word only. Bold
lettering should not be used
.
Units of axes
should appear in parentheses after the axis name.
If possible, please submit your artwork in
electronic form. Large files (> 6MB) should be
submitted on disk or CD. Vector graphics (
e.g.
line artwork) should be saved in Encapsulated
Postscript Format (EPS), and bitmap files (
e.g.
half-tones) in Tagged Image File Format (TIFF).
Ideally, vector graphics that have been saved in a
metafile (.WMF) or pict (.PCT) format should be
embedded within the text file at the end of the
paper.
Scientific Names
Apply capitals as follows: Bewick’s Swan,
Pink-footed Goose
etc.
; but swans or geese.
Follow an appropriate authority for common
names, e.g.
Checklist of Birds in Britain and Ireland,
Birds of the Western Palearctic
etc. Give the scientific
(Latin) name of each species in full, in italics, at
first mention in the main text, not separated by a
comma or brackets,
e.g.
...Red-throated Diver
Gavia stellata
was... . If there are many species,
cite a check-list which may be consulted for
authorities instead of listing them in the text. Do
not give authorities for species cited from
published references. Where appropriate, follow
the Voous order of species.
Presentation of statistical information
Most statistical tests result in an estimate of the
likelihood that a particular result could have
arisen by chance. This probability is denoted by
P.
Authors are encouraged to follow the normal
convention of indicating the probability of the
result having arisen by chance and should be
indicated by the use of < (less than) followed by
the appropriate level (0.05, 0.02, 0.01, 0.001)
taken from a set of statistical tables. Any result
with a probability greater than 0.05 should be
regarded as not significant and denoted by n.s. in
the text, (not by
P
> 0.05). Authors are strongly
recommended to follow the practice of using a
null hypothesis before carrying out a test. In
all cases, present the degrees of freedom, using
a post-fix to the statistic symbol, for instance:
χ
2
4
,
r
2
8
,
t
28
.
Authors should ensure that the test they carry out
is appropriate and the data are acceptable for the
particular test. Ensure that the statistic is
calculated correctly when small samples are
involved (this includes the use of Yates’
correction for the calculation of
χ
2
1
).
Examples of the style in which to present results
are:
“... and the difference is significant (
χ
2
1
= 6.9,
P
< 0.01).”
“... the correlation between A and B is
significant (
r
28
= 0.79,
P
< 0.001).”
“The difference between the samples is not
significant (
t
17
= 1.2, n.s.).”
“Examination of the data using an ANOVA
gives
F
12,23
= 29.1,
P
< 0.001.”
